(2) Unfilled plane shapes using closed lines

The shape of closed lines is definitely a shape in two-dimensional space. It is just vague inside. However, the thinner lines become and the wider the empty space, the less we recognize something as the shape of planes, but more as the shape of lines. On the other hand, the thicker the width of lines becomes and the more narrow the space inside becomes, the more we recognize it as the shape of a plane. 

(3) Plane shapes using open lines

When we treat the shape of a plane that is recognized as weak, there is a heavy or thick impression in terms of mass, it is a rather light and weak shape of a plane. For example, a shape that is made using thin lines and has many empty spaces - the element of this shape is a line, however, its structure on the whole is a plane. There is an attraction between lines.

(4) Expressions of planes and others

As there are many expressions of lines, there are also various expressions of planes. They relate to the condition of the outlines of shapes of planes, and the interior texture condition. For example, if the outline of the shape of a plane is one that has light and shade through using gradation, it will have a softer expression than a hard edge.

The shape of a plane can express the sense of a solid by various ways. Also, it is possible to express rhythm and movement, a sense of transparency and illusion, but I will go into more detail on this matter in Chapter 4.
 
 

88   89   90   Figure 88: The shape of a surface that is flat, however has sense of mutual assistance. Figure 89: Surface by rough concentration of points makes both cubic and spacial sense. Figure 90: The strength that simple shape has. "Work A, 1954" Nagao Yamaguchi.

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